SEQUENTIAL
Publications Department

MG400A
January, 1985

MODEL 400 DRUMTRAKS
MIDIGUIDE

INTRODUCTION
STANDARD VERSION 0_4
- POWER-ON DEFAULT CONDITIONS
- HIDDEN FUNCTIONS
- MIDI IMPLEMENTATION (0_4)
  - Table 2.1 MIDI Key Assignment
  - Figure 2.1 MIDI Drum Key Assignment
  - Table 2.2 Data Dump Format
  - Table 2.3 Song Pointers
  - Table 2.4 Pattern Pointers
  - Table 2.5 Song Data
  - Table 2.6 Pattern Data
  - Table 2.7 Miscellaneous Parameters
OPTIONAL VERSION 0_5
- POWER-ON DEFAULT CONDITIONS
- HIDDEN FUNCTIONS
- PROGRAMMING DRUM TUNINGS
  - "Pitch Keys"
  - Figure 3.1 MIDI Key Assignment
  - PITCH Wheel
- PROGRAMMING DRUM VOLUMES WITH MOD WHEEL
- MIDI IMPLEMENTATION (0_5)
  - Table 3.1 MIDI Drum Key Assignment
  - Table 3.2 MIDI Pitch Key Assignment
  - Table 3.3 Data Dump Format
  - Table 3.4 Song Pointers
  - Table 3.5 Pattern Pointers
  - Table 3.6 Song Data
  - Table 3.7 Pattern Data
  - Table 3.8 Miscellaneous Parameters

1985 by
SEQUENTIAL
All rights reserved. Printed in the U.S.A.

1 INTRODUCTION

This MIDIGUIDE provides more recent information than is contained in the Drumtraks Operation Manual (CM400).

The two most important applications for the Drumtraks' MIDI are 1) for synchronising external sequencers, and 2) for creating Drumtraks patterns using MIDI-equipped keyboards, eliminating the need to "overdub" different volumes and tunings.

As there has been changes to the Drumtraks' software since its introduction in December, 1983, this MIDIGUIDE contains control summaries for two software versions. 0_4 is the most recent software version with which Drumtraks are currently shipped, and replaces 0_3, fixing some operational bugs. 0_4 is a standard software version, and may be installed under warranty, free of charge.

0_5 allows Drumtraks volumes and tunings to be programmed from MIDI-equipped keyboards using the PITCH and MOD Wheels, or with a new "pitch key" system. 0_5 is a software option, and must be purchased through Sequential or any authorised Sequential service centre.

Should you require more than operational instructions for a specific application, the MIDI implementations for both software versions describe the Drumtraks' MIDI vocabulary.

2 STANDARD VERSION 0_4

Released in May, 1984, 0_4 software adds the following features to the Drumtraks:

CLK OUT is enabled during pattern recording.
CLK IN can be used during recording.
Clock is output when using CLK IN.
MIDI Mode 1 can be selected from the front panel.
MIDI Mode 3 can be selected from the front panel.
New Memory Clear operation. (More difficult to do by accident.)
Songs can be started from any step when in Build Mode.

Except for these additions, operations of the Drumtraks by itself or over MIDI, is the same as described in the Drumtraks Operation Manual (CM 400). For your convenience, a summary of all of the Drumtraks' front panel "hidden functions" is provided on the following page.

POWER-ON DEFAULT CONDITIONS

When Drumtraks power is switched on, the Drumtraks is in MIDI Mode 1 (OMNI On/Mono Off). The Basic Channel remains where it was last set, unaffected by power being switched off. (Drumtraks are set to channel 15 at the factory.)

"Pads Out" and the external clock input are initially disabled, and can be enabled with front panel controls (see following page).

HIDDEN FUNCTIONS

Clear All Memory

Hold 7, 8, 9, INC, DEC, FASTER and SLOWER.

Enable External Clock Input

Hold both TEMPO switches.
Press ENTER. This selects 24 ppq clock input rate, lighting the far right decimal point.
If desired, press DEC once for 48 ppq, or twice for 96 ppq. Each time DEC is pressed, the lit decimal point moves left one digit.

Enable MIDI Clock Input

Hold both TEMPO switches.
Press ENTER.
Press DEC three times. This lights the decimal point between the left two display digits.

Disable External or MIDI Clock Input

Hold both TEMPO switches.
Press ENTER.

Enable "Pads Out"

Hold ENTER.
Press 4.
Manually play the drums you want transmitted over MIDI.

If, when "Pads Out" is enabled, drums are played either manually or during pattern playback, "note on" and "note off" MIDI data is transmitted on the Basic Channel. If another Drumtraks receives this data, it plays the same drums. If, on the other hand, a synthesiser receives this data, it plays notes corresponding to the drums played. (See EXTERNAL INSTRUMENT CONTROL in the Drumtraks Operation Manual.)

Disable "Pads Out"

Hold ENTER.
Press 5.

Select MIDI Mode 1 (OMNI On/Mono Off)

Hold ENTER.
Press 6.

When in Mode 1, the Drumtraks transmits Note On/Off data on the Basic Channel, and receives MIDI data from all sixteen channels.

Select MIDI Mode 3 (OMNI Off/Mono Off)

Hold ENTER.
Press 9.

When in Mode 3, the Drumtraks transmits and receives MIDI "Note On/Offs" and Mode change commands on the Basic Channel only.

Change Basic Channel

Hold ENTER.
Press 0.
Press INC or DEC to raise or lower the Basic Channel.

The Basic Channel only affects Note On/Offs when "Pads Out" is enabled (see above). Drumtraks are set to channel 15 at the factory. This is not a default setting (the channel number is non-volatile), however, so if you change the Basic Channel, there is no need to change it each time power is switched on.

MIDI IMPLEMENTATION (0_4)

May, 1984

Unless otherwise stated, status/data bytes are given in hex and binary.

TRANSMITTED DATA
Status	Second	Third	Fourth	Fifth
Note On (only sent when "Pads Out" is enabled, see page 4)
9NH	K	V	K	00H
1001 nnnn	0kkk kkkk	0vvv vvvv	0kkk kkkk	0000 0000
	For key values see Table 2.1, page 9.
		V=01H-7FH, depending on programmed volume only (accent and song volume changes are ignored).
			All Note Ons are followed immediately with a Note Off (V=0), with no new status byte, i.e., five bytes sent for each pad played.
Song Select
F3H	S
1111 0011	0sss ssss
When song is selected, that song number is sent.
	S=00H-63H (0-9 decimal)
Start
FAH
1111 1010
When playback of any song or pattern starts, this is sent immediately before the first Timing Clock.
Timing Clock
F8H
1111 1000
During playback of any song or pattern, this is sent at 24 per-quarter-note rate. Not sent when external clock input is enabled.
Pattern Marker
F0H	01H	7FH	F7H
1111 0000	0000 0001	0111 1111	1111 0111
(SYS EX	SCI ID	PM	EOX)
Sent after the last clock of a drum pattern.
Stop
FCH
1111 1100
Sent whenever a song or pattern is stopped.
Program Dump
F0H	01H	06H	D	F7H
1111 0000	0000 0001	0000 0110	Data	1111 0111
(SYS EX	SCI ID	400 ID		EOX)
			Data is 7,680 song and pattern data bytes, formatted as 15,360 four-bit nibbles, right justified, LS nibble sent first. For data packing information, see Tables 2.2 through 2.6.

RECOGNISED RECEIVED DATA
Status	Second	Third	Fourth	Fifth
Note On
9NH	K	V
1001 nnnn	0kkk kkkk	0vvv vvvv
Channel number. This is ignored if in Mode 1, and checked for match with channel number in Mode 3.
	For key values, see Table 2.1.
		V (Velocity) = 01H-7FH (1 - 127 decimal)
Note that although the Drumtraks 0_4 software transmits Note Offs following each Note On, it does not need to receive a Note Off following a received Note On. Nonetheless, sending Note Offs after Note Ons is a recommended practice.
Song Select
F3H	S
1111 0011	0sss ssss
Switches to song mode and selects song #. Also must already be in either song stop or pattern stop modes.
Start
FAH
1111 1010
Only if in song mode, starts playback from start of current song. Selects MIDI playback clock.
Timing Clock
F8H
1111 1000
Recognised whenever in playback of a song or pattern, and MIDI clock is selected (either by front panel or Start status.)
Stop
FCH
1111 1100
Stops song playback. MIDI clock inputs are ignored.
Omni Mode On
FNH	7DH	00H
1111 nnnn	0111 1101	0000 0000
Mono mode is always off, so when Omni Mode On is received, Mode 1 (Omni On,Mono Off) is selected.
Omni Mode Off
FNH	7CH	00H
1111 nnnn	0111 1100	0000 0000
When received, Mode 3 (Omni Off/Mono Off) is selected.
Program Dump Request
F0H	01H	00H	F7H
1111 0000	0000 0001	0000 0000	1111 0111
(SYS EX	SCI ID	REQUEST ID	EOX)
This initiates a complete program dump of song and pattern data. See Table 2.2 through 2.6.
Program Dump Receive
F0H	01H	06H	D	F7H
1111 0000	0000 0001	0000 0110	Data	1111 0111
(SYS EX	SCI ID	400 ID		EOX)
			Data is 7,680 song and pattern data bytes, formatted as 15,360 four-bit nibbles, right justified, LS nibble sent first. See Tables 2.2 through 2.6.

TABLE 2.1
400 MIDI KEY ASSIGNMENTS

Instrument Keys are numbered 23H-3AH.

For reference, 3CH=middle C.

Key Value	Instrument
23H, 24H	BASS
25H	RIM
26H, 28H	SNARE
27H	CLAPS
29H, 2BH	TOM 1
2AH, 2CH	CLOSED HI-HAT
2DH, 2FH	TOM 2
2EH	OPEN HI-HAT
31H	CRASH CYMBAL
33H	RIDE CYMBAL
36H	TAMB
38H	COWBELL
3AH	CABASA

Transmit: Keys 24H, 28H, 2BH, 2CH, and 2FH are sent for the duplicated sounds.

Receive: Keys not listed are ignored.

Figure 2.1
MIDI Drum Key Assignment

TABLE 2.2
400 Data Dump Format

Bytes (Hex)	Description
00H - C7H	Song Pointers (see Table 2.3).
C8H - 18FH	Pattern Pointers (see Table 2.4).
190H - 191H	Pointer to Space After Song 99.
192H - N	Song Data (see Table 2.5).
N+1 - M-1	Unused memory.
M - 1DFFH	Pattern Data (see Tables 2.6 and 2.7).

A dump in the 400 dumps all pointer tables, song data, pattern data, and unused memory. All data must be maintained correctly, or the 400 could "crash" (for example if song or pattern pointers are not updated when changes are made in the lengths of songs or patterns).

TABLE 2.3
Song Pointers

Bytes (Hex)	Description
00H - 01H	Pointer to Song 00. Always equals 2392H. Pointer stored in LS-then-MS format.
02H - 03H	Pointer to Song 01.
"
"
C6H - C7H	Pointer to Song 99.

Note: Data memory for songs and patterns is from 2392H through 3FFFH, with songs at the start, patterns at the end, and unused memory in the middle.

TABLE 2.4
Pattern Pointers

Bytes (Hex)	Description
C8H - C9H	Pointer to Pattern 0. Pointer stored in LS-then-MS format.
CAH - CBH	Pointer to Pattern 01.
"
"
18EH - 18FH	Pointer to Pattern 99.

TABLE 2.5
Song Data

Relative Byte Number	Byte	Description
0	0ttt tttt	00H-7FH, initial absolute tempo for this song.
or	1000 0000	No initial tempo.
steps	0ppp pppp	Pattern number. P = 00H-63H (0-99 decimal).
or	1000 vvvv	V=0H-FH, relative volume decrease.
or	1001 vvvv	V=0H-FH, relative volume increase.
or	1010 tttt	T=0H-FH, relative tempo decrease.
or	1011 tttt	T=0H-FH, relative tempo increase.
or	1110 0000	Empty Step (deleted, but not reprogrammed).
END	1100 0000	End of Song.

Note: An empty song still has two bytes programmed: the initial tempo (byte 0) and the END byte.

TABLE 2.6
Pattern Data

Relative Byte Number	Byte	Description
0	d₂nnn nnnn	N = 01H-63H (1-99 decimal), number of beats per measure ("numerator" of time signature)
1	d₁sss eeee	E=0-9, Error Correct (see Table 2.7) S=0-5, Swing (see Table 2.7)
2	d₀mmm mmmm	M=00H-63H (1-99 decimal), number of measures
		D=0-7, beat value (see Table 2.7) ("denominator" of time signature)
(event storage)
two-byte event (normal)
	tttt tttt	T=00H-FFH (0-255 decimal), Time (1/96 note, 24 ppq)
	00ea dddd	e=clock extend (time overflow) a=Accent on/off D=Drum number (0H-CH, see Table 2.7)
three-byte event (dynamic)
	tttt tttt
	01ea dddd	same as above
	vvvv pppp	V=0H-FH, Volume for this event P=0H-FH, Pitch for this event.
END	tttt tttt	Time for End
	1000 xxxx	X= don't care

Note: An empty pattern still has five bytes programmed: the three byte prologue and two-byte END.

TABLE 2.7
Miscellaneous Parameter Tables

Error Correct
Value	Note
0	1/2
1	1/4
2	1/6
3	1/8
4	1/12
5	1/16
6	1/24
7	1/32
8	1/48
9	1/96
Swing
Value	%
0	50
1	54
2	58
3	62
4	66
5	70
Beat note (denominator)
Value	Note
0	1/2
1	1/4
2	1/6
3	1/8
4	1/12
5	1/16
6	1/24
7	1/32
Drum Number
Number	Drum
0H	BASS
1H	SNARE
2H	RIM
3H	TOM 1
4H	TOM 2
5H	CRASH CYMBAL
6H	RIDE CYMBAL
7H	CLOSED HI-HAT
8H	OPEN HI-HAT
9H	CLAPS
AH	TAMB
BH	COWBELL
CH	CABASA

3 OPTIONAL VERSION 0_5

Standard software version 0_3 and 0_4 allowed drum patterns to be programmed from an external MIDI-equipped keyboard. If the keyboard was velocity sensitive, the volumes of each drum sound were controlled by the velocity with which each "drum key" is played.

Version 0_5 takes the Drumtraks two steps further. First, sixteen keys (in the upper octaves of the keyboard) are assigned as "pitch keys", allowing individual drum tunings to be programmed in real-time, eliminating the need to perform awkward "tuning overdubs" to achieve drum rolls and other interesting effects. Secondly, PITCH and MOD wheels now control drum tunings and volumes, so to program drum tunings and volumes in real-time, MIDI-equipped keyboards need not be velocity sensitive.

The following are some other features of 0_5:

Changes front panel "Pads Out" enable function.
Adds an enable/disable External MIDI Drum Key Data function.
Eliminates the need to hit drum switches after enabling MIDI "Pads Out".
Improves the Drumtraks' sync pulse width when operating at 48 ppq.
Enables MIDI Clock Out when External Clock Input is enabled.
Removes error-correct problem sometimes encountered at end of drum patterns.
Eliminates the need to send a MIDI "Stop" prior to a MIDI "Start" to restart the Drumtraks if pattern is already playing. (0_3 interprets a MIDI "Start" as "Continue".)
CLK OUT is enabled during pattern recording.
CLK IN can be used during recording.
Clock is output when using CLK IN.
MIDI Mode 1 can be selected from the front panel.
MIDI Mode 3 can be selected from the front panel.
New Memory Clear operation. (More difficult to do by accident.)
Songs can be restarted from any step when in Build Mode.

Except for these additions, operation of the Drumtraks itself or over MIDI, is the same as described in the Operations Manual (CM400). For your convenience, a summary of all the Drumtraks' front panel "hidden functions" is provided on the following page.

POWER-ON DEFAULT CONDITIONS

The Drumtraks' External "Drum Key" Data Input is initially enabled. "Pads Out" and the External Clock Input are initially disabled. These can be enabled or disabled with hidden functions (see below).

HIDDEN FUNCTIONS

Clear All Memory

Hold 7, 8, 9, INC, DEC, FASTER and SLOWER.

Enable External Clock Input

Hold both TEMPO switches.
Press ENTER. This selects 24 ppq clock input rate, lighting the far right decimal point.
If desired, press DEC once for 48 ppq, or twice for 96 ppq. Each time DEC is pressed, the lit decimal point moves left one digit.

Enable MIDI Clock Input

Hold both TEMPO switches.
Press ENTER.
Press DEC three times. This lights the decimal point between the left two display digits.

Disable External or MIDI Clock Input

Hold both TEMPO switches.
Press ENTER.

Enable/Disable "Pads Out"

Hold ENTER.
Press 4.

This toggles the output enable/disable. Disabled at power-on.

If "Pads Out" is enabled, drums are played either manually or during pattern playback, transmit "note on" and "note off" MIDI data on the Basic Channel. If another Drumtraks receives this data, it plays the same drums. If, on the other hand, a synthesiser receives this data, it plays notes corresponding to the drums played. (See External Instrument Control in the Drumtraks Operation Manual.)

Disable/Enable Drum Key Data Input

Hold ENTER.
Press 5.

This toggles the input disable/enable. Enabled at power-on. If you intend to play the Drumtraks from an external keyboard, using the assigned "pitch keys", it is recommended you disable this function to prevent drums from sounding twice. (For details, see operations instructions on page 17.)

Select MIDI Mode 1 (OMNI On/MONO Off)

Hold ENTER.
Press 6.

When in Mode 1, the Drumtraks transmits Note On/Off data on the Basic Channel, and receives MIDI data from all sixteen channels.

Select MIDI Mode 3 (OMNI Off/MONO Off)

Hold ENTER.
Press 9.

When in Mode 3, the Drumtraks transmits and receives MIDI "Note On/Offs" and Mode change commands on the Basic Channel only.

Change Basic Channel

Hold ENTER.
Press 0. The current Basic Channel is displayed.
Press INC or DEC to raise or lower the Basic Channel.

PROGRAMMING DRUM TUNINGS

In previous software versions, velocity-sensitive MIDI keyboards could be used to program drum dynamics, to give Drumtraks patterns a "human" feel. Tom rolls, and other effects requiring multiple tunings, required "tuning overdubs" and took considerably longer to accomplish. 0_5 software introduces three new techniques which make pattern recording much easier via MIDI.

Pitch Keys

The Drumtraks still recognises seventeen "drum keys" in the lower octaves of a MIDI keyboard as before, but now also recognises sixteen keys in the third and fourth octaves as "pitch keys", which select the sixteen tunings of each drum sound. Drums and tunings are assigned keys as shown in the following figure.

Figure 3.1
MIDI Pitch Key Assignment

Connect MIDI OUT of the MIDI keyboard to the Drumtraks' MIDI IN.
Hold ENTER.
Press 5. This disables the Drumtraks' Drum Key Data Input (enabled on power-on).
Play the drum keys. The Drumtraks produces no sound. (If it does, repeat the previous two steps. The Drumtraks' Drum Key Data Input was probably disabled to begin with, so the Enter/5 function enabled it.)
Play the pitch keys. The Drumtraks produces no sound, but the tuning value of the depressed pitch key appears in the left display. This feature makes it easier to find the desired pitch keys on the larger (than four-octave) keyboards.

The Drumtraks requires one or two drum keys (lower octaves) to be held (to select the instrument) while playing the pitch keys.

Play, and hold one drum key.
Play the pitch keys (refer to figure above). The drum sound is played again at the tuning corresponding to the pitch key played.
If the keyboard is velocity sensitive, the drum sounds' dynamics are controlled by the touch of each pitch key.

You can also play any combination of two drum keys simultaneously, provided they do not belong to the same audio channel (1-6). (For example, Claps and Cowbell can not play simultaneously.)

Repeat the previous two steps, holding different drum keys.

With a little practice, useful effects such as tom rolls can be recorded easily.

PITCH Wheel

A second method for programming drum tunings in real-time, is to move your keyboard's PITCH wheel (if equipped with one) while holding one of the standard drum keys in the keyboard's lower octaves.

If necessary, enable your keyboard's wheels over MIDI (see your Sequential instrument's MIDIGUIDE or operation manual).
Play the drum keys on your keyboard.

If the Drumtraks produces no sound:

Hold ENTER.
Press 5. This enables Drumtraks' MIDI Drum Key Data Input (if disabled).

The Drumtraks and your MIDI keyboard are now prepared.

Move the PITCH wheel. A tuning value of 0-15 appears in the Drumtraks left display, corresponding to the PITCH wheel position.
Play and hold some drum keys. The tunings of all drum keys played and held are now set to the value that appears in the Drumtraks left display.
Release all held drum keys. The display no longer shows the tuning. Any drums played (other than those played in the previous step) still play at their original tuning.

After the PITCH wheel is moved, the Drumtraks assigns the new tuning to all drum keys played so long as they are all held.

PROGRAMMING DRUM VOLUMES WITH MOD WHEEL

Drum volumes can be programmed live into a pattern from a MIDI-equipped keyboard with a MOD Wheel. This is an alternative for owners of non-velocity-sensitive instruments.

If necessary, enable your keyboard's wheels over MIDI (see your Sequential instrument's MIDIGUIDE or operation manual).
Play the drum keys on the keyboard.

If the Drumtraks produces no sound:

Hold ENTER.
Press 5. This enables Drumtraks' MIDI Drum Key Data Input (if disabled).

The Drumtraks and your MIDI keyboard are now prepared.

Move the MOD wheel. A volume of 0-15 appears in the Drumtraks left display, corresponding to the MOD wheel position.
Play and hold some drum keys. The volumes of all drum keys played and held are now set to the value which appears in the Drumtraks left display.
Release all held drum keys. The display no longer shows the volume. Any drums played (other than those played in the previous step) still play at their original volume.

For more volumes, repeat the previous three steps.

Note: If the keyboard is velocity-sensitive, key velocity overrides the MOD wheel.

MIDI IMPLEMENTATION (0_5)

January, 1985

Unless otherwise specified, status/data bytes are given in hex and binary, while numbers in descriptions are in decimal.

TRANSMITTED DATA
Status	Second	Third	Fourth	Fifth
Note On (only sent when "Pads Out" enabled, see page 15)
9NH	P	40H	K	V
1001 nnnn	0ppp pppp	0100 0000	0kkk kkkk	0vvv vvvv
	Pitch Key On For pitch key values see Table 3.2, page 25.
		"Dummy" velocity byte.
			Drum Key On For drum key values see Table 3.1, page 25.
				Drum key velocity. V=01H-7FH, depending on programmed volume only (accent and song volume changes are ignored).
	Sixth	Seventh	Eighth	Ninth
	K	0H	P	0H
	0kkk kkkk	0000 0000	0ppp pppp	0000 0000
	Drum Key Off (Key On with velocity=0)
		Zero velocity.
			Pitch Key Off (Key On with velocity=0)
				Zero velocity.
All Note Ons are followed immediately with a Note Off (V=0), with no new status byte, i.e., nine bytes sent for each note played.
Song Select
F3H	S
1111 0011	0sss ssss
When song is selected, that song number is sent.
	S=00H-63H (0-99 decimal)
Start
FAH
1111 1010
When playback of any song or pattern is starts, this is sent immediately before the first Timing Clock.
Timing Clock
F8H
1111 1000
During playback of any song or pattern, this is sent at 24 per-quarter-note rate. Not sent when external clock input is enabled.
Pattern Marker
F0H	01H	7FH	F7H
1111 0000	0000 0001	0111 1111	1111 0111
(SYS EX	SCI ID	PM	EOX)
Sent after the last clock of a drum pattern.
Stop
FCH
1111 1100
Sent whenever a song or pattern is stopped.
Program Dump
F0H	01H	06H	D	F7H
1111 0000	0000 0001	0000 0110	Data	1111 0111
(SYS EX	SCI ID	400 ID		EOX)
			Data is 7,680 song and pattern data bytes, formatted as 15,360 four-bit nibbles, right justified, LS nibble sent first. For data packing information, see Tables 3.3 through 3.7.

RECOGNISED RECEIVED DATA
Status	Second	Third	Fourth	Fifth
Note On (no tuning information)
9NH	K	V
1001 nnnn	0kkk kkkk	0vvv vvvv
N is the channel number. This is ignored if Omni On mode, and checked for match with channel number in Omni Off mode.
	K=23H-54H. For key values, see Tables 3.1 and 3.2. If MIDI Drum Key Data Input is disabled, the drum is note played.
		V (Velocity)=01H-7FH.
Note that although the Drumtraks 0_4 software transmits Note Offs following each Note On, it does not need to receive a Note Off following a received Note On. Nonetheless, sending Note Offs after Note Ons is a recommended practice.
Note On (includes tuning information)
9NH	P	40H	K	V
1001 nnnn	0ppp pppp	0100 0000	0kkk kkkk	0vvv vvvv
	Pitch Key On. P=41H-54H. For Pitch key assignment, see Table 3.2, page 25.
		"Dummy" velocity byte.
			Drum Key On. K=23H-3AH. For drum key values, see Table 3.1, page 25.
				Drum key velocity.
	Sixth	Seventh	Eighth	Ninth
	K	0	P	0
	0kkk kkkk	0000 0000	0ppp pppp	0000 0000
	Drum Key Off (Key On with velocity=0)
		Zero velocity.
			Pitch Key Off (Key On with velocity=0)
				Zero velocity.
Note Off
9NH	K	00H
1001 nnnn	0kkk kkkk	0000 0000
		Zero velocity.
Note Off
8NH	K	00H
1000 nnnn	0kkk kkkk	0vvv vvvv
Omni Mode On
FNH	7DH	00H
1111 nnnn	0111 1101	0000 0000
When received, Mode 1 (Omni On/Mono Off) is selected.
Omni Mode Off
FNH	7CH	00H
1111 nnnn	0111 1100	0000 0000
When received, Mode 3 (Omni Off/Mono Off) is selected.
Song Select
F3H	S
1111 0011	0sss ssss S=00H-62H
Switches to song mode and selects song # (must be 00H-62H). Also must already be in either song stop or pattern stop modes.
Start
FAH
1111 1010
Only if in song mode, starts playback from start of current song. Selects MIDI playback clock.
Timing Clock
F8H
1111 1000
Recognised whenever in playback of a song or pattern, and MIDI clock is selected (either by front panel or by Start status.)
Continue
FBH
1111 1011
Resumes playback from the point where playback was stopped with a MIDI "Stop". If playback was stopped from the Drumtraks' RUN/STOP switch (or footswitch), Continue causes playback to start from the beginning.
Stop
FCH
1111 1100
Stops song playback. MIDI clock inputs are ignored.
Program Dump Request
F0H	01H	00H	F7H
1111 0000	0000 0001	0000 0000	1111 0111
(SYS EX	SCI ID	REQUEST ID	EOX)
This will initiate a complete program dump of song and pattern data. See Table 3.3 through 3.7.
Program Dump Receive
F0H	01H	06H	D	F7H
1111 0000	0000 0001	0000 0110	Data	1111 0111
(SYS EX	SCI ID	400 ID		EOX)
			Data is 7,680 song and pattern data bytes, formatted as 15,360 four-bit nibbles, right justified, LS nibble sent first. See Tables 3.3 through 3.7.
MOD Wheel Change
BNH	01H	M
1011 nnnn	0000 0001	000m mmmm
Successive MOD wheel changes can be received without repeating the status byte.
PITCH Wheel Change
ENH	Vls	Vms
1110 nnnn	0vvv vvv	0vvv vvvv
	LS byte
		MS byte
Successive PITCH wheel changes can be received without repeating the status byte.

TABLE 3.1
MIDI Drum Key Assignment

Key	Key Number	Instrument
B, C₀	23H, 24H	BASS DRUM
C#₀	25H	RIM
D₀, E₀	26H, 28H	SNARE
D#₀	27H	CLAPS
F₀, G₀	29H, 2BH	TOM 1
F#₀, G#₀	2AH, 2CH	CLOSED HI-HAT
A₀, B₀	2DH, 2FH	TOM 2
A#₀	2EH	OPEN HI-HAT
C#₁	31H	CRASH CYMBAL
D#₁	33H	RIDE CYMBAL
F#₁	36H	TAMB
G#₁	38H	COWBELL
A#₁	3AH	CABASA

TABLE 3.2
MIDI Pitch Key Assignment

Key	Key Number	Pitch (decimal)
F#₂	41H	00
G₂	42H	01
G#₂	43H	02
A₂	44H	03
A#₂	45H	04
B₂	46CH	05
C₃	47H	06
C#₃	48H	07
D₃	49H	08
D#₃	4AH	09
E₃	4BH	10
F₃	4CH	11
F#₃	4DH	12
G₃	4EH	13
G#₃	4FH	14
A₃-C₄	50H-54H	15

TABLE 3.3
400 Data Dump Format

Bytes (Hex)	Description
00H - C7H	Song Pointers (see Table 3.4).
C8H - 18FH	Pattern Pointers (see Table 3.5).
190H - 191H	Pointer to Space After Song 99.
192H - N	Song Data (see Table 3.6).
N+1 - M-1	Unused memory.
M - 1DFFH	Pattern Data (see Tables 3.7 and 3.8).

TABLE 3.4
Song Pointers

Bytes (Hex)	Description
00H - 01H	Pointer to Song 00. Always equals 2392H. Pointer stored in LS-then-MS format.
02H - 03H	Pointer to Song 01.
"
"
C6H - C7H	Pointer to Song 99.

Note: Data memory for songs and patterns is from 2392H through 3FFFH, with songs at the start, patterns at the end, and unused memory in the middle.

TABLE 3.5
Pattern Pointers

Bytes (Hex)	Description
C8H - C9H	Pointer to Pattern 0. Pointer stored in LS-then-MS format.
CAH - CBH	Pointer to Pattern 01.
"
"
18EH - 18FH	Pointer to Pattern 99.

TABLE 3.6
Song Data

Relative Byte Number	Byte	Description
0	0ttt tttt	00H-7FH, initial absolute tempo for this song.
or	1000 0000	No initial tempo.
steps	0ppp pppp	Pattern number. P = 00H-63H (0-99 decimal).
or	1000 vvvv	V=0H-FH, relative volume decrease.
or	1001 vvvv	V=0H-FH, relative volume increase.
or	1010 tttt	T=0H-FH, relative tempo decrease.
or	1011 tttt	T=0H-FH, relative tempo increase.
or	1110 0000	Empty Step (deleted, but not reprogrammed).
END	1100 0000	End of Song.

Note: An empty song still has two bytes programmed: the initial tempo (byte 0) and the END byte.

TABLE 3.7
Pattern Data

Relative Byte Number	Byte	Description
0	d₂nnn nnnn	N = 01H-63H (1-99 decimal), number of beats per measure ("numerator" of time signature)
1	d₁sss eeee	E=0-9, Error Correct (see Table 3.8) S=0-5, Swing (see Table 3.8)
2	d₀mmm mmmm	M=00H-63H (1-99 decimal), number of measures
		D=0-7, beat value (see Table 3.8) ("denominator" of time signature)
(event storage)
two-byte event (normal)
	tttt tttt	T=00H-FFH (0-255 decimal), Time (1/96 note, 24 ppq)
	00ea dddd	e=clock extend (time overflow) a=Accent on/off D=Drum number (0H-CH, see Table 3.8)
three-byte event (dynamic)
	tttt tttt
	01ea dddd	same as above
	vvvv pppp	V=0H-FH, Volume for this event P=0H-FH, Pitch for this event.
END	tttt tttt	Time for End
	1000 xxxx	X= don't care

Note: An empty pattern still has five bytes programmed: the three byte prologue and two-byte END.

TABLE 3.8
Miscellaneous Parameter Tables

Error Correct
Value	Note
0	1/2
1	1/4
2	1/6
3	1/8
4	1/12
5	1/16
6	1/24
7	1/32
8	1/48
9	1/96
Swing
Value	%
0	50
1	54
2	58
3	62
4	66
5	70
Beat note (denominator)
Value	Note
0	1/2
1	1/4
2	1/6
3	1/8
4	1/12
5	1/16
6	1/24
7	1/32
Drum Number
Number	Drum
0H	BASS
1H	SNARE
2H	RIM
3H	TOM 1
4H	TOM 2
5H	CRASH CYMBAL
6H	RIDE CYMBAL
7H	CLOSED HI-HAT
8H	OPEN HI-HAT
9H	CLAPS
AH	TAMB
BH	COWBELL
CH	CABASA

MODEL 400 DRUMTRAKSMIDIGUIDE

1 INTRODUCTION

2 STANDARD VERSION 0_4

POWER-ON DEFAULT CONDITIONS

HIDDEN FUNCTIONS

MIDI IMPLEMENTATION (0_4)

TABLE 2.1400 MIDI KEY ASSIGNMENTS

Figure 2.1MIDI Drum Key Assignment

TABLE 2.2400 Data Dump Format

TABLE 2.3Song Pointers

TABLE 2.4Pattern Pointers

TABLE 2.5Song Data

TABLE 2.6Pattern Data

TABLE 2.7Miscellaneous Parameter Tables

3 OPTIONAL VERSION 0_5

POWER-ON DEFAULT CONDITIONS

HIDDEN FUNCTIONS

PROGRAMMING DRUM TUNINGS

Pitch Keys

Figure 3.1MIDI Pitch Key Assignment

PITCH Wheel

PROGRAMMING DRUM VOLUMES WITH MOD WHEEL

MIDI IMPLEMENTATION (0_5)

TABLE 3.1MIDI Drum Key Assignment

TABLE 3.2MIDI Pitch Key Assignment

TABLE 3.3400 Data Dump Format

TABLE 3.4Song Pointers

TABLE 3.5Pattern Pointers

TABLE 3.6Song Data

TABLE 3.7Pattern Data

TABLE 3.8Miscellaneous Parameter Tables

MODEL 400 DRUMTRAKS
MIDIGUIDE

TABLE 2.1
400 MIDI KEY ASSIGNMENTS

Figure 2.1
MIDI Drum Key Assignment

TABLE 2.2
400 Data Dump Format

TABLE 2.3
Song Pointers

TABLE 2.4
Pattern Pointers

TABLE 2.5
Song Data

TABLE 2.6
Pattern Data

TABLE 2.7
Miscellaneous Parameter Tables

Figure 3.1
MIDI Pitch Key Assignment

TABLE 3.1
MIDI Drum Key Assignment

TABLE 3.2
MIDI Pitch Key Assignment

TABLE 3.3
400 Data Dump Format

TABLE 3.4
Song Pointers

TABLE 3.5
Pattern Pointers

TABLE 3.6
Song Data

TABLE 3.7
Pattern Data

TABLE 3.8
Miscellaneous Parameter Tables